These organisms are close representatives of what your ancestors looked like at critical stages of development. Each successive taxon is a subset of the previous one, and humans belong to every taxon represented here. That is, a human is a eukaryote, an opisthokont, an animal, etc., continuing to an amniote in this chapter of development.










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- Mitochondria photo: National Institutes of Health (public domain), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondrion_186.jpg (accessed and saved 8/21/19). ↩
- Amoeba photo: By Cymothoa exigua (Own work) CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAmoeba_proteus.jpg (accessed and saved 6/24/15). Composite image by Scot Fagerland, 8/22/19. ↩
- Opisthokont photo: By Stephen Fairclough, CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5) or CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMonosiga_Brevicollis_Phase.jpg (accessed 6/24/15) ↩
- C.K. “Bob” Brain et al., “The first animals: ca. 760-million-year-old sponge-like fossils from Namibia”, South African Journal of Science vol. 108 no. 1 / 2 (1/18/2012), http://archive.SAJS.co.za/index.php/SAJS/article/view/658 (accessed and saved 8/10/19). ↩
- Sponge photo by Twilight Zone Expedition Team 2007, NOAA-OE. (NOAA Photo Library: reef3859). Public domain. ↩
- Comb jellyfish photo by NOAA / OAR / National Undersea Research Program (NURP), http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/nur01002.htm, public domain. ↩
- Francisco José Ayala, Andrey Rzhetsky, and Francisco J. Ayala, “Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates,” PNAS 95(2):606-611 (1/20/1998), http://www.pnas.org/content/95/2/606.long (accessed and saved 8/10/19). ↩
- Sea cucumber image by NOAA, http://flowergarden.noaa.gov/image_library/inverts/threerowedcucumberelh.jpg , public domain. ↩
- Francisco José Ayala, Andrey Rzhetsky, and Francisco J. Ayala, “Molecular Clocks and the Origin of Animals”, in S.P. Wasser (ed)., Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern Perspectives, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1999) pp. 151-169, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-4830-6_10 (accessed and abstract saved 8/10/19). ↩
- J.K. Sky Yu and Linda Z. Holland, “Cephalochordates (amphioxus or lancelets): A model for understanding the evolution of chordate characters,” Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, http://cshprotocols.cshlp.org/content/2009/9/pdb.emo130 (introduction accessed and saved 8/10/19). ↩
- Lancelet image by Hans Hillewaert, via Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABranchiostoma_lanceolatum.jpg (accessed and saved 7/02/15) ↩
- Image of Myxinikela siroka by Nobu Tamura, email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com http://spinops.blogspot.com/ http://paleoexhibit.blogspot.com/ (CC BY-SA 4.0), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myxinikela_NT_small.jpg (accessed and saved 8/21/19). ↩
- Placoderm illustration by Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) (Own work) GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), via Wikimedia Commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Dunkleosteus_BW.jpg (accessed 6/20/15) ↩
- Tetrapod image by DiBgd at the English language Wikipedia, license GFDL or CC-BY-SA-3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APederpes22small.jpg (accessed 7/02/15) ↩
- Amniote (casineria) illustration by ДиБгд (Own work) (CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACasineria_kiddi_reconstruction.jpg ↩
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